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-<article class="manpage"><p>
- </p><div class="head" role="doc-pageheader" aria-label="Manual header
- line"><span class="head-ltitle">MAN(1)</span> <span class="head-vol">General
- Commands Manual</span> <span class="head-rtitle">MAN(1)</span></div>
-<main class="manual-text">
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp"><code class="Nm">man</code> —
- <span class="Nd" role="doc-subtitle">display manual pages</span></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h2>
-<table class="Nm">
- <tbody><tr>
- <td><code class="Nm">man</code></td>
- <td>[<code class="Fl">-acfhklw</code>] [<code class="Fl">-C</code>
- <var class="Ar">file</var>] [<code class="Fl">-M</code>
- <var class="Ar">path</var>] [<code class="Fl">-m</code>
- <var class="Ar">path</var>] [<code class="Fl">-S</code>
- <var class="Ar">subsection</var>] [[<code class="Fl">-s</code>]
- <var class="Ar">section</var>] <var class="Ar">name ...</var></td>
- </tr>
-</tbody></table>
-</section>
-<h2 class="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h2>
-The <code class="Nm">man</code> utility displays the manual page entitled
- <var class="Ar">name</var>. Pages may be selected according to a specific
- category (<var class="Ar">section</var>) or machine architecture
- (<var class="Ar">subsection</var>).
-<p class="Pp">The options are as follows:</p>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
- <dt id="a"><a class="permalink" href="#a"><code class="Fl">-a</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Display all matching manual pages.</dd>
- <dt id="C"><a class="permalink" href="#C"><code class="Fl">-C</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">file</var></dt>
- <dd>Use the specified <var class="Ar">file</var> instead of the default
- configuration file. This permits users to configure their own manual
- environment. See <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section
- 5">man.conf(5)</a> for a description of the contents of this file.</dd>
- <dt id="c"><a class="permalink" href="#c"><code class="Fl">-c</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Copy the manual page to the standard output instead of using
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="less, section 1">less(1)</a> to paginate it.
- This is done by default if the standard output is not a terminal device.
- <p class="Pp">When using <code class="Fl">-c</code>, most terminal devices
- are unable to show the markup. To print the output of
- <code class="Nm">man</code> to the terminal with markup but without
- using a pager, pipe it to <a class="Xr" aria-label="ul, section
- 1">ul(1)</a>. To remove the markup, pipe the output to
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="col, section 1">col(1)</a>
- <code class="Fl">-b</code> instead.</p>
- </dd>
- <dt id="f"><a class="permalink" href="#f"><code class="Fl">-f</code></a></dt>
- <dd>A synonym for <a class="Xr" aria-label="whatis, section 1">whatis(1)</a>.
- It searches for <var class="Ar">name</var> in manual page names and
- displays the header lines from all matching pages. The search is case
- insensitive and matches whole words only.</dd>
- <dt id="h"><a class="permalink" href="#h"><code class="Fl">-h</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Display only the SYNOPSIS lines of the requested manual pages. Implies
- <code class="Fl">-a</code> and <code class="Fl">-c</code>.</dd>
- <dt id="k"><a class="permalink" href="#k"><code class="Fl">-k</code></a></dt>
- <dd>A synonym for <a class="Xr" aria-label="apropos, section
- 1">apropos(1)</a>. Instead of <var class="Ar">name</var>, an expression
- can be provided using the syntax described in the
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="apropos, section 1">apropos(1)</a> manual. By
- default, it displays the header lines of all matching pages.</dd>
- <dt id="l"><a class="permalink" href="#l"><code class="Fl">-l</code></a></dt>
- <dd>A synonym for <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc, section 1">mandoc(1)</a>.
- The <var class="Ar">name</var> arguments are interpreted as filenames. No
- search is done and <var class="Ar">file</var>, <var class="Ar">path</var>,
- <var class="Ar">section</var>, <var class="Ar">subsection</var>, and
- <code class="Fl">-w</code> are ignored. This option implies
- <code class="Fl">-a</code>.</dd>
- <dt id="M"><a class="permalink" href="#M"><code class="Fl">-M</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">path</var></dt>
- <dd>Override the list of directories to search for manual pages. The supplied
- <var class="Ar">path</var> must be a colon
- (‘<code class="Li">:</code>’) separated list of directories.
- This option also overrides the environment variable
- <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code> and any directories specified in the
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section 5">man.conf(5)</a> file.</dd>
- <dt id="m"><a class="permalink" href="#m"><code class="Fl">-m</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">path</var></dt>
- <dd>Augment the list of directories to search for manual pages. The supplied
- <var class="Ar">path</var> must be a colon
- (‘<code class="Li">:</code>’) separated list of directories.
- These directories will be searched before those specified using the
- <code class="Fl">-M</code> option, the <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code>
- environment variable, the <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section
- 5">man.conf(5)</a> file, or the default directories.</dd>
- <dt id="S"><a class="permalink" href="#S"><code class="Fl">-S</code></a>
- <var class="Ar">subsection</var></dt>
- <dd>Only show pages for the specified <a class="Xr" aria-label="machine,
- section 1">machine(1)</a> architecture. <var class="Ar">subsection</var>
- is case insensitive.
- <p class="Pp">By default manual pages for all architectures are installed.
- Therefore this option can be used to view pages for one architecture
- whilst using another.</p>
- <p class="Pp">This option overrides the <code class="Ev">MACHINE</code>
- environment variable.</p>
- </dd>
- <dt id="s">[<code class="Fl">-s</code>] <var class="Ar">section</var></dt>
- <dd>Only select manuals from the specified <var class="Ar">section</var>. The
- currently available sections are:
- <p class="Pp"></p>
- <div class="Bd-indent">
- <dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
- <dt>1</dt>
- <dd>General commands (tools and utilities).</dd>
- <dt>2</dt>
- <dd>System calls and error numbers.</dd>
- <dt>3</dt>
- <dd>Library functions.</dd>
- <dt>3p</dt>
- <dd><a class="Xr" aria-label="perl, section 1">perl(1)</a> programmer's
- reference guide.</dd>
- <dt>4</dt>
- <dd>Device drivers.</dd>
- <dt>5</dt>
- <dd>File formats.</dd>
- <dt>6</dt>
- <dd>Games.</dd>
- <dt>7</dt>
- <dd>Miscellaneous information.</dd>
- <dt>8</dt>
- <dd>System maintenance and operation commands.</dd>
- <dt>9</dt>
- <dd>Kernel internals.</dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </dd>
- <dt id="w"><a class="permalink" href="#w"><code class="Fl">-w</code></a></dt>
- <dd>List the pathnames of all matching manual pages instead of displaying any
- of them. If no <var class="Ar">name</var> is given, list the directories
- that would be searched.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p class="Pp">The options <code class="Fl">-IKOTW</code> are also supported and
- are documented in <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc, section
- 1">mandoc(1)</a>. The options <code class="Fl">-fkl</code> are mutually
- exclusive and override each other.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The search starts with the <code class="Fl">-m</code> argument if
- provided, then continues with the <code class="Fl">-M</code> argument, the
- <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code> variable, the
- <code class="Ic">manpath</code> entries in the
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section 5">man.conf(5)</a> file, or with
- <span class="Pa">/usr/share/man</span>:<span class="Pa">/usr/X11R6/man</span>:<span class="Pa">/usr/local/man</span>
- by default. Within each of these, directories are searched in the order
- provided. Within each directory, the search proceeds according to the
- following list of sections: 1, 8, 6, 2, 3, 5, 7, 4, 9, 3p. The first match
- found is shown.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc.db, section
- 5">mandoc.db(5)</a> database is used for looking up manual page entries. In
- cases where the database is absent, outdated, or corrupt,
- <code class="Nm">man</code> falls back to looking for files called
- <var class="Ar">name</var>.<var class="Ar">section</var>. If both a
- formatted and an unformatted version of the same manual page, for example
- <span class="Pa">cat1/foo.0</span> and <span class="Pa">man1/foo.1</span>,
- exist in the same directory, only the unformatted version is used. The
- database is kept up to date with <a class="Xr" aria-label="makewhatis,
- section 8">makewhatis(8)</a>, which is run by the
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="weekly, section 8">weekly(8)</a> maintenance
- script.</p>
-<p class="Pp">Guidelines for writing man pages can be found in
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="mdoc, section 7">mdoc(7)</a>.</p>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="ENVIRONMENT"><a class="permalink" href="#ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a></h2>
-<dl class="Bl-tag">
- <dt id="MACHINE"><a class="permalink" href="#MACHINE"><code class="Ev">MACHINE</code></a></dt>
- <dd>As some manual pages are intended only for specific architectures,
- <code class="Nm">man</code> searches any subdirectories, with the same
- name as the current architecture, in every directory which it searches.
- Machine specific areas are checked before general areas. The current
- machine type may be overridden by setting the environment variable
- <code class="Ev">MACHINE</code> to the name of a specific architecture, or
- with the <code class="Fl">-S</code> option.
- <code class="Ev">MACHINE</code> is case insensitive.</dd>
- <dt id="MANPAGER"><a class="permalink" href="#MANPAGER"><code class="Ev">MANPAGER</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Any non-empty value of the environment variable
- <code class="Ev">MANPAGER</code> is used instead of the standard
- pagination program, <a class="Xr" aria-label="less, section
- 1">less(1)</a>. If <a class="Xr" aria-label="less, section 1">less(1)</a>
- is used, the interactive <code class="Ic">:t</code> command can be used to
- go to the definitions of various terms, for example command line options,
- command modifiers, internal commands, environment variables, function
- names, preprocessor macros, <a class="Xr" aria-label="errno, section
- 2">errno(2)</a> values, and some other emphasized words. Some terms may
- have defining text at more than one place. In that case, the
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="less, section 1">less(1)</a> interactive
- commands <code class="Ic">t</code> and <code class="Ic">T</code> can be
- used to move to the next and to the previous place providing information
- about the term last searched for with <code class="Ic">:t</code>. The
- <code class="Fl">-O</code>
- <code class="Cm">tag</code>[=<var class="Ar">term</var>] option documented
- in the <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc, section 1">mandoc(1)</a> manual
- opens a manual page at the definition of a specific
- <var class="Ar">term</var> rather than at the beginning.</dd>
- <dt id="MANPATH"><a class="permalink" href="#MANPATH"><code class="Ev">MANPATH</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Override the standard search path which is either specified in
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section 5">man.conf(5)</a> or the
- default path. The format of <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code> is a colon
- (‘<code class="Li">:</code>’) separated list of directories.
- Invalid directories are ignored. Overridden by <code class="Fl">-M</code>,
- ignored if <code class="Fl">-l</code> is specified.
- <p class="Pp">If <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code> begins with a colon, it is
- appended to the standard path; if it ends with a colon, it is prepended
- to the standard path; or if it contains two adjacent colons, the
- standard path is inserted between the colons.</p>
- </dd>
- <dt id="PAGER"><a class="permalink" href="#PAGER"><code class="Ev">PAGER</code></a></dt>
- <dd>Specifies the pagination program to use when
- <code class="Ev">MANPAGER</code> is not defined. If neither PAGER nor
- MANPAGER is defined, <a class="Xr" aria-label="less, section
- 1">less(1)</a> is used.</dd>
-</dl>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="FILES"><a class="permalink" href="#FILES">FILES</a></h2>
-<dl class="Bl-tag Bl-compact">
- <dt><span class="Pa">/etc/man.conf</span></dt>
- <dd>default <code class="Nm">man</code> configuration file</dd>
-</dl>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="EXIT_STATUS"><a class="permalink" href="#EXIT_STATUS">EXIT
- STATUS</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">man</code> utility exits&nbsp;0 on success,
- and&nbsp;&gt;0 if an error occurs. See <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc,
- section 1">mandoc(1)</a> for details.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="permalink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">Format a page for pasting extracts into an email message —
- avoid printing any UTF-8 characters, reduce the width to ease quoting in
- replies, and remove markup:</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">$ man -T ascii -O width=65 pledge |
- col -b</code></div>
-<p class="Pp">Read a typeset page in a PDF viewer:</p>
-<p class="Pp"></p>
-<div class="Bd Bd-indent"><code class="Li">$ MANPAGER=mupdf man -T pdf
- lpd</code></div>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
- ALSO</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp"><a class="Xr" aria-label="apropos, section 1">apropos(1)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="col, section 1">col(1)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="mandoc, section 1">mandoc(1)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="ul, section 1">ul(1)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="whereis, section 1">whereis(1)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="man.conf, section 5">man.conf(5)</a>,
- <a class="Xr" aria-label="mdoc, section 7">mdoc(7)</a></p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="STANDARDS"><a class="permalink" href="#STANDARDS">STANDARDS</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Nm">man</code> utility is compliant with the
- <span class="St">IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (“POSIX.1”)</span>
- specification.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The flags [<code class="Fl">-aCcfhIKlMmOSsTWw</code>], as well as
- the environment variables <code class="Ev">MACHINE</code>,
- <code class="Ev">MANPAGER</code>, and <code class="Ev">MANPATH</code>, are
- extensions to that specification.</p>
-</section>
-<section class="Sh">
-<h2 class="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="permalink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h2>
-<p class="Pp">A <code class="Nm">man</code> command first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">Version&nbsp;2 AT&amp;T UNIX</span>.</p>
-<p class="Pp">The <code class="Fl">-w</code> option first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">Version&nbsp;7 AT&amp;T UNIX</span>;
- <code class="Fl">-f</code> and <code class="Fl">-k</code> in
- <span class="Pa">/usr/usb/man</span> in <span class="Ux">4.0BSD</span>;
- <code class="Fl">-M</code> in <span class="Ux">4.3BSD</span>;
- <code class="Fl">-a</code> in <span class="Ux">4.3BSD-Tahoe</span>;
- <code class="Fl">-c</code> and <code class="Fl">-m</code> in
- <span class="Ux">4.3BSD-Reno</span>; <code class="Fl">-h</code> in
- <span class="Ux">4.3BSD-Net/2</span>; <code class="Fl">-C</code> in
- <span class="Ux">NetBSD 1.0</span>; <code class="Fl">-s</code> and
- <code class="Fl">-S</code> in <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 2.3</span>; and
- <code class="Fl">-I</code>, <code class="Fl">-K</code>,
- <code class="Fl">-l</code>, <code class="Fl">-O</code>, and
- <code class="Fl">-W</code> in <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 5.7</span>. The
- <code class="Fl">-T</code> option first appeared in
- <span class="Ux">AT&amp;T System&nbsp;III UNIX</span> and was also added
- in <span class="Ux">OpenBSD 5.7</span>.</p>
-</section>
-</main>
-<div class="foot" role="doc-pagefooter" aria-label="Manual footer
- line"><span class="foot-left"></span><span class="foot-date">August 4,
- 2022</span> <span class="foot-os">Linux 5.10.0-28-cloud-amd64</span></div>
- <p></p></article>
- </section>
- <footer>
- <p class="center">
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- <a href="mailto:manup@cabin.digital">dweller</a> from
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